Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin that can be ingested by foods such as fatty fish, dairy products, and eggs, but is mainly synthesized by the human skin when exposed to sunlight. However, little is known about potential long-term high-dose vitamin D supplementation. ![]() Over the last decade, large vitamin D supplementation is promoted to restore 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations and is considered to be safe with doses up to 4000 international units (IU) per day. In Europe, depending on a country and sex, between 1 and 66% of the adult population use vitamin D supplements. Worldwide, a large group of people is prescribed to a supplemental regime of both vitamin D and calcium. As more is discovered about the powerful combination of vitamins D and K, it gives a renewed reason to eat a healthy diet including a variety of foods such as vegetables and fermented dairy for bone and cardiovascular health. Current evidence supports the notion that joint supplementation of vitamins D and K might be more effective than the consumption of either alone for bone and cardiovascular health. These limited studies indicate that joint supplementation might be beneficial for cardiovascular health. Few intervention trials studied vitamin D and K supplementation with cardiovascular-related outcomes. Most clinical trials studied vitamin D and K supplementation with bone health in postmenopausal women. Animal and human studies suggest that optimal concentrations of both vitamin D and vitamin K are beneficial for bone and cardiovascular health as supported by genetic, molecular, cellular, and human studies. The purpose of this review is to summarize available evidence of the synergistic interplay between vitamins D and K on bone and cardiovascular health. Vitamin D promotes the production of vitamin K-dependent proteins, which require vitamin K for carboxylation in order to function properly. doi: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.12.009.Vitamins D and K are both fat-soluble vitamins and play a central role in calcium metabolism. The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. Regulation of the extrarenal CYP27B1-hydroxylase. Effect of vitamin D on all-cause mortality in heart failure (EVITA): a 3-year randomized clinical trial with 4000 IU vitamin D daily. Scientific opinion on the tolerable upper intake level of vitamin D. doi: 10.1111/nbu.12108.ĮFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, NaA. Vitamin D: an overview of vitamin D status and intake in Europe. Use of dietary supplements in the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition calibration study. Skeie G., Braaten T., Hjartaker A., et al. ![]() ![]() Vitamins D and K are both fat-soluble vitamins and play a central role in calcium metabolism.
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